NB: It is important to consider this paper within the framework of a
‘Conceptual Model Leading to Indefinite Lifespans’, and not in isolation
Many of us expect and demand to live in a world where the
ageing process has been eliminated. And yet, which trivial exceptions, there
are very few practical actions we can implement today in order to deal with
this issue. I am not referring to a generally healthy lifestyle and my
intention is not merely to live a healthy life until the age of 100. My
intention is to break through the barrier of the current maximum human lifespan
and, having eliminated the increased death rate associated with age, live for a
period without any pre-determined limits. At the same time, I also wish to
suggest practical, relevant to everyday life, yet scientifically rigorous steps
which may be relevant, in their embryonic form, in promoting radical life
extension well beyond the current limits.
Elsewhere (http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/kyriazis20121031)
I argued that devising pharmacological treatments directed at individuals alone
may not be a sufficient strategy to eradicate ageing. These simplistic treatments
or therapies are based, in my view, upon a reductionistic argument, which lacks
sophistication and evolutionary robustness.
I consider ageing not as a disease that needs to be cured
with drugs, but as a process encountered in nature (but not a natural process)
that happens by default, due to evolutionary constraints. These constraints,
namely the insufficient amount of energy allocated to somatic repair at the
benefit of germ-line immortality, are not immutable, nor are they necessary.
In order to accelerate the process that leads to radical
life extension it may be possible to start considering activities and
strategies that have practical relevance to anyone alive today, without the
need to wait for new putative pharmacological therapies that can ‘cure’ ageing.
These practical strategies include hormetic environmental enrichment, societal
and planetary engagement, and a power law lifestyle. The intention of the
activities is to constantly increase neuronal demand for energy (via a
continual input of meaningful, actionable and high-quality information), so
that to induce an evolutional phase transition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition)
that favours somatic cell repair. In
other words, the high-quality information overload will require appropriate
action by the organism, action which will eventually be translated into
increased efficiency of somatic repair mechanisms
a. Hormetic
Environmental Enrichment
Hormesis is a universal phenomenon characterised by a ‘low-dose
stimulation, high-dose inhibition’ dogma. In practical terms, a hormetic
challenge engages the organism to appropriately respond by up-regulating its
repairs mechanisms. An environment where
there is a sufficient number of challenges or stimuli is associated with a
general up-regulation of neural, hormonal, immune or other parameters which
lead to improved health. This is not merely a local, limited scope phenomenon.
Its validity is global and has benefits which have not been realised even by
proponents of the hormesis theory. A hormetically-enriched environment is one
that gives the opportunity for a correct choice to be made from a list of
available options. In order for the process to be successful, it is necessary
to inhabit an environment which offers a number of options. An environment in
which there is an enhanced goal-seeking behaviour falling outside one’s
‘comfort zone’, is an ideal such setting.
It may be possible to use hormesis and environmental
enrichment in order to improve our immune system by employing strategies that
utilise an appropriate degree of positive stress. Based on this principle I am
suggesting that we need to expose our immune system to a variety of mild,
repeated challenges, in order to trigger suitable beneficial immune parameters
and strengthen our immune response.
For example, we need to eschew total cleaningness. Being
excessively clean to the point of sterilisation does not allow our immune
system any room for growth and development because the exposure to bacteria,
viruses or toxins becomes minimised. I am suggesting to avoid complete and
ritual cleansing, and to expand our opportunities of coming into contact with
raw nature. By this I mean moderate exposure to dirt, wind, sun, and mild
natural environmental dangers (mosquito bites, insect bites, scratches, minor
injuries, cold, heat etc.). One practical suggestion which may be beneficial
include bare-hand gardening. Any grazes or scratches will stimulate the immune
system and increase its effectiveness at fighting infections and healing of more
serious wounds at a later stage. Another example is to allow yourself to
experience the sensation of the wind or direct sunshine upon your naked skin.
This may be done any time in the garden or even at a nudist environment.
Research shows that the sensors on the skin can detect the sensation of the
wind and transmit the information to the brain which, in turn, activates
compounds and agents that can repair skin damage, restore any changes in
temperature, and heal skin irritation. Through this activity the neuro-immune
mechanisms remain activated and are ready to respond to a more serious
challenge. In this respect, research has shown that exposure to mild wind and
light rain improves the immune system of laboratory animals, and increases
their ability to cope in a much colder or wetter environment in the
future. In addition, exposure to mild
(hormetic) UV radiation has been shown to modulate apoptosis and prevent
unnecessary death of healthy cells, and at the same time promote elimination of
cancerous cells.
Exposure to very low temperatures (cryotherapy) is known to
improve blood circulation, stimulate immunity and help in several chronic
degenerative conditions such as arthritis and hypertension. The basis is a
hormetic response, a brief exposure to a damaging agent (in this cases extreme
cold) that forces the body to respond and prepares it for a more serious or
sustained subsequent danger. Specifically, exposure to short bursts of cold
stress has been proven to increase the function of macrophages, whereas a more prolonged
exposure diminishes their function. This is a typical example of hormesis when
a short-lived challenge is beneficial, but becomes detrimental if it is more
prolonged.
A more unusual or unconventional way of experiencing a challenging
environment is extreme fairground rides (exposure to hyper-gravity is a
well-known method for achieving hormesis in the laboratory). Sauna (exposure to
high temperature) has also been suggested as having a hormetic effect. Low dose
ionising radiation, which activates DNA repair and protects against cancer and
other degeneration is a promising but impractical hormetic stimulation,
awaiting clarification.
Even sexual environmental enrichment, which can be applied for
the purposeful up-regulation of sexual parameters can be employed as a
longevity strategy. Examples of hormetic enrichment are vibrotactile stimulation, visual eroticism,
and sexual fantasies. These activities increase muscular, skeletal, visual,
olfactory and other inputs into the brain, which activate biochemical pathways
not only within the brain itself but elsewhere in the body. The stimulation up-regulates
several hormones and factors such as oxytocin, endorphins, testosterone,
oestrogens, DHEA (dehydroepiandrostenone) and BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic
factor). These, in turn, enhance well-being, immunity defences, and antioxidant
mechanisms, to name a few. It has been shown that the activity of oxytocin is
increased during novel sexual experiences, and this has a positive effect on
neuron dendrite remodelling, resulting in an improved social cognition and
communication. It is also known that an enriched environment can enhance
sexuality and mating patterns, as well as promote better interest and
exploratory patterns in animals. Finally, a hormetically-enriched environment leads
to a sustained elevation of testosterone, a reduction in free radical damage
and thus an improvement in immune function.
In summary, exposure to light, repeated physical challenges
can reinforce the immune system and maintain it in a condition in readiness to
fight more serious or life threatening conditions, including age-related
degeneration. The way to choose whether a stimulus is sufficient or not, is to refer
to the notion of ‘challenge versus threat’. If we have the ability to deal with
a problem then this is a (hormetic) ‘challenge’. If we don’t have the resources
to deal with it, then it is a ‘threat’, i.e. damaging, and should be avoided.
b. Societal and
Planetary Engagement
I argued elsewhere about the necessity to build societies
that enhance and promote radical human life extension. As natural evolution
tends to promote survival of a fit organism, (fitness within a particular
niche) we find ourselves trying to survive in a niche of increasing
technological engagement and sophistication. In order to enhance our fitness
within this environment we need to integrate fully within the technological
society and within the planet in general. As examples of this I suggested (http://hplusmagazine.com/2012/12/06/the-longevity-of-real-human-avatars/)
that we need to increase the number of our connections both in virtual and in
real terms, and increase the unity of our connections, such as using only one
(user)name for all environments across all platforms. Finally we need to increase
the strength of our connections. We should provide as much information about ourselves
as possible, and join as many online information-sharing facilities as
practicable.
These activities increases the value of incoming information
into the brain which, in trying to assimilate it, produces neurotrophic factors
and neuro-protecting substances that repair coincidental age-related damage.
c. Power Law
Lifestyle
Ageing is a universal phenomenon and it obeys universal
laws. Certain mathematical principles that apply globally can thus be applied
in ageing. One of these laws concerns the application of power law and fractals.
Power law is a mathematical relationship
between two quantities. In the case of ageing, I consider the relationship that
exists between the frequency of any activity as a power of its intensity. In
practice, this means that in order to follow a more natural and therefore evolutionarily
successful lifestyle, the frequency of any given activity (such as exercise for
instance) needs to vary as a power of its intensity: frequent low-intensity exercises,
less frequent medium-intensity exercises, and rare high-intensity ones. A good
example of power law lifestyle is encountered in the Paleolithic concept. The
modern notion of the Paleolithic lifestyle refers to a lifestyle that exposes
us to situations similar to those experienced by humans living in the wild,
natural environment over 10 000 years ago. The notion refers to both the
nutritional and physical challenges (Paleo diet and the Paleo lifestyle), and
is based upon the concepts of hormesis and power law.
The Paleo diet umbrella encompasses two important
nutritional concepts, that of calorie restriction and that of intermittent
fasting. Calorie restriction is as a form of nutritional hormesis. Another
possible way for achieving positive nutritional stress is through Intermittent
Fasting which is based on the ‘feast or famine’ pattern normally encountered in
the wild. The practice places the organism under nutritional stress, which can
be beneficial if it is not prolonged. Benefits include an improvement in blood
sugar and cholesterol levels, protection against brain cell toxicity,
strengthening of the immune system and many others.
An important section of a Paleo lifestyle is exercise. With
hormesis in mind, I recommend physical activity that has power law
characteristics, meaning that we need to follow an exercise regime including
many low-level exercises, some moderate ones and very few intense activities.
These physical exercises need to be performed at irregular intervals and
durations for the full hormetic effect to become apparent.
Examples are low level running or walking, some swimming,
simple climbing or scrambling, hanging from branches and climbing trees,
jumping or leaping from rocks and similar. Other Paleo exercises include
carrying and moving heavy weight (rocks, tree trunks), barefoot walking or
running, walking through thick forest or undergrowth, running in water (in a
swallow sea or a lake, for example). At infrequent intervals do some extreme
exercises such as full sprinting. Avoid any regular exercise in a gym. These activities
improve the sense of balance, strengthen the bones against osteoporosis,
improve immunity and exercise diverse groups of muscles. A very good and relevant
concept with regards to hormetic, power-law exercise is that of MoveNat (see www.movenat.com for videos and examples of exercise).
Apart from physical exercise, a relevant issue here is that
of hormetic brain stimulation including stimulation of the senses. This
involves challenging your brain with unusual puzzles, mind games or cognitive
situations, and I have discussed many examples of such exercises many times in
the past. The main message of a hormetic Paleo lifestyle is that all activities
must follow an irregular, uncommon and non-monotonic pattern, in a way that
mimics the challenges our ancestors have encountered in the wild. This places a
modern lifestyle within a situation with deeper biological significance.
Conclusion
In the (near) future there may well be therapies and
treatments based on stem cells, telomerase, nanotechnology etc., which will be
available to the wider public for use as anti-ageing therapies. In my opinion
this will not happen for another several decades, and it will not be an
effective or complete radical life extension approach either. In the meantime,
I offer a novel approach that may have an impact on natural evolutionary
processes, which lead to indefinite lifespans (see my other publications and
blogs). These approaches have practical significance now, and are available to
anyone, without the need to wait for any future artificial treatments. There is no point in considering these
activities in isolation. It is the totality of these strategies which is based
on a reciprocally-influencing principle that matters. The activities have a
direct anatomical and biological impact upon hormonal, immune, neuronal and
other processes that are valuable in repairing and preventing age-related
damage. In addition, the practice as a whole is aided by natural evolutionary
processes that enhance fitness and survival within a technological niche. This
is not going to afford extreme lifespans overnight but it is a step in the
right direction. Unfortunately, it is predicted that, in order for the process
to be successful, it is not a matter of how well an individual is enriched but
also a matter of how many enriched individuals exist. In other words the
achievement of radical life extension depends on the interconnectedness of a
critical number of many enhanced individuals.
